The term National Identity originates from the phrase "national identity," which translates to "national personality" or "national character." National personality or national character refers to the identity possessed by a nation. Terminologically, national identity is a set of characteristics unique to a nation that, philosophically, distinguishes it from other nations. Based on this definition, every nation in the world has its own identity, shaped by its unique traits, characteristics, and values.
The essence of national identity, as explained above, is inseparable from the personality or character of a nation, often referred to as the nation’s soul. This national personality is derived from cultural and religious values that the nation upholds as true. Essentially, a nation is a large group of people who share common experiences, a historical journey, and a strong desire to unite and coexist in a specific geographical area as a national entity. For instance, when people say that Indonesians are civilized, cultured, and ethical, these traits represent the national personality or identity of Indonesia (Rahayu Minto, 2007).
At its core, national identity manifests as cultural values that grow and evolve within a nation's way of life. These values, characterized by uniqueness and specificity, distinguish one nation from another. National identity is also understood as values that are strong, good, and significant. Simply put, national identity represents values that are beneficial, meaningful, and foundational to human behavior. These values are perceived as useful, credible, appealing, advantageous, and pleasant.
However, in everyday life, if we disregard moral and ethical values, we cannot be said to possess a national personality or identity. Courtesy and hospitality, for instance, are among the many facets of Indonesia's national identity. Such traits must be nurtured and preserved so that Indonesia continues to be recognized as a civilized nation by others (Abdul Aziz, 2011).
Formation of National Identity
National identity is shaped by shared experiences, a common history, and collective suffering. Before Indonesia's independence, the nation experienced similar struggles and shared a history of resisting colonial rule. The immense suffering endured by the Indonesian people, both physically and non-physically, created a unified determination among diverse groups, ethnicities, cultures, and religions to fight the colonizers. These shared experiences have played a significant role in shaping Indonesia's national identity.
Moreover, national identity is formed through collaboration and mutual understanding among different groups. Despite differences, the strong desire to unite and connect with one another has significantly contributed to the formation of Indonesia’s national identity (Anthony, 2003).
Challenges to National Identity
A survey conducted by Kompas on August 14-15, 2007, revealed that 65.9% of respondents expressed pride in being Indonesian. However, this figure marked a significant decline compared to 93.5% five years earlier. The decline was accompanied by an increase in the number of people who felt a lack of pride. In 2002, only 5.1% of respondents said they were not proud to be Indonesian, but this number rose to 23% in 2005 and 34% in 2010. Respondents across various age groups voiced these sentiments (Suwardirman in the National Team of PKN Lecturers, 2010).
The main sources of disappointment among respondents stemmed from economic issues and the lack of law enforcement in the country. Corruption and its inadequate handling were the most embarrassing issues for Indonesians, with 51% of respondents citing them spontaneously. Recent incidents of disintegration threats have also brought the concept of Indonesia as a nation-state into question. Events such as the infiltration of RMS activists during the 14th Family Day celebration in Ambon, the lowering of the Indonesian flag, and the formation of the GAM Party in Aceh have challenged the nation’s unity.
The Crisis of National Cohesion
Indonesia's national outlook has been tested severely in recent years. The previously strong national bond, rooted in shared perspectives, has been overshadowed by growing ethnic awareness and narrow-minded ethnic sentiments. This shift undermines the national unity established over sixty years ago by Indonesia's founding fathers. In extreme cases, ethnic awareness has led to excessive sentiments and demands for independence from certain regions.
In truth, the noble values embodied in Pancasila represent a positive accumulation of Indonesia’s cultural heritage over hundreds of years. These values, emphasizing morality (belief in God Almighty), humanity, democracy, unity, and justice, serve as guiding principles for Indonesia to become a great nation. Yet, the nation's current challenges are deeply troubling. Corruption has become entrenched, from high-ranking officials to village leaders. Cases of drug abuse, pornography, horizontal conflicts, ethnic and racial disputes, and other societal issues threaten the nation once celebrated for its diversity.
